基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助(49625101)
作者简介:倪晋仁(1962-),男,北京大学教授。
1 影响泥沙扩散系数的因素
在基于传统的连续介质假说的各种理论中,泥沙扩散系数的确定仍依靠半经验处理。然而,这种近似不足以给出令人满意的物理解释。例如,实验结果表明[53~55],颗粒的物理属性(如颗粒直径和密度等)都对颗粒扩散系数εs有明显影响,但以前的理论都不能将这些影响直接地考虑在内。颗粒物理属性的影响经常被含糊不清地归结于不同的颗粒沉降速度。事实上,沉降速度的变化大多反映的是颗粒物理属性对颗粒确定性运动的影响,而不是颗粒在紊流中的随机运动。在研究一个协振圆柱系统中的颗粒垂线分布紊动影响时,Rouse发现当格栅振动频率f相应变化时,泥沙颗粒扩散系数εs随颗粒直径变化[53]。颗粒直径越大,泥沙颗粒扩散系数(见图1)也就越大。Coleman从他的水槽实验中也得到了同样的结论[54]。所有这些结果表明,颗粒扩散过程或多或少地与紊动交换过程有所区别。看起来似乎更大的颗粒对应更大的沉降速度,并因此而有更大的扩散系数εs。然而,后来更精确的测量并不支持这种观点。用与Rouse相似的设备[53],邵学军发现[55],虽然在紊动较强时,εs随粒径增大而增大,但在紊动较弱时恰恰相反,εs随粒径增大而减小。图2和3的实验结果表明,在颗粒物理属性如何影响颗粒悬浮这个问题上也许存在更深刻的机理。例如,颗粒群的存在将影响整个紊流结构,而不仅仅是单个颗粒的沉降速度。 |
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建立颗粒群对紊流场影响的清晰图画依赖于对紊流自身的合理理解。紊动可以看成是许多具有不同特征频率的微小扰动的叠加,或者是不同特征尺寸的涡漩的叠加。然而,不能期望所有的脉动(或频率)都会影响颗粒的运动。换句话说,不同物理属性的颗粒会影响不同频率的涡漩。实际上,甚至在单相液流中,Philips也认为并不是在所有频率范围的率动都对雷诺应力的产生有贡献[56]。如果以雷诺应力 |
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对流体和颗粒脉动速度(v'和
为了解释这种耦合和颗粒悬浮机制,Zhou和
2 两种类型的垂线颗粒浓度分布
实测资料表明,颗粒垂线分布最少有两种模式(Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型
以前的理论和模型大多都建立在连续介质理论的基础上[68,
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由于连续介质理论在描述离散颗粒运动方面存在的缺陷,对固液两相流系统又发展了其它的方法。作为一个微观方法,动理学方法被成功地应用于气固两相流的研究,在这里固体颗粒和气体分子是主要考虑的对象。
动理学方法从微观角度着手,考虑颗粒的随机运动(包括气体分子和固体颗粒
含沙水流经常按照单一流体的模式[71,
固液两相流的动理学方法建立在Boltzmann方程的基础上
一般情况下,精确的分子描述将遇到更多的数学困难。因此,数值模拟将成为获得微观信息的主要方法。以往在这方面已经作了一些努力,有人用离散
动理学的其它有潜力的应用是在稠密固液两相流(或高含沙水流
4 结语
1.在对含沙水流中悬浮颗粒垂线分布的研究中常常用到传统的连续介质假设和对离散颗粒的类似于气体分子运动的描述。前者成功地应用于流体力学中,但不适于描述颗粒间的相互作用,因为颗粒的尺度比液体分子的尺度大得多。后者恰好适于处理单个颗粒的运动,颗粒间以及相间的相互作用。一个描述固液两相流的有潜力的方法是,液相仍基于连续介质进行描述,而固相则基于动理学方法,只是应合理地考虑两相的相互作用。
2.颗粒垂线分布至少有两种典型剖面。Ⅰ型已经被普遍接受并基本上能被一般的理论解释,但Ⅱ型几乎被忽略并且很难由以前的理论作出解释。对Ⅱ型分布的合理描述有赖于对单颗粒运动、颗粒间相互作用以及紊流近壁动力学的充分理解,这对将来的研究有很大意义。
3.动理学方法的一个有潜力的应用领域是高浓度固液两相流,在这种流体运动中颗粒之间的相互作用成为主要的机制。
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