*1998年教育部跨世纪优秀人才培养计划基金.上海市科学技术委员会青年科技启明星计划基金(94QA14005)和国家自然科学基金(49806005)资助项目"长江口底部边界层细颗粒泥沙过程"系列成果. |
1 前言
Kirby和Parker[1]首次用
在海岸工程应用上,如河口航道、港口、码头和系船池,需要对细颗粒泥沙运动定量化。由于河口悬沙浓度随深度迅速变化,因此,悬沙浓度的精确观测是一个关键。至今,为了获得近瞬时的悬沙浓度的垂向分布,已发展了许多新的技术。特别是声学技术被广泛应用于海洋中悬沙浓度的测量
本文作为“声学悬沙观测系统”在长江口北槽口外悬沙运动研究应用的系列成果
2 研究的区域和方法
长江口是一个中潮河口,平均潮差是2.0m,悬沙年平均达
和换能器之间悬沙的背向声散射曲线所组成。由泥沙背向声散射信号的强度转化为悬沙浓度的定标工作是在有机玻璃沉降圆筒内完成的。基于实验室定标,绝对悬沙浓度测量的误差约为16%。ASSM系统换能器工作时通常放置在水下2m处。 同时,利用流速仪测量水流的流速和流向。每小时分别在0.0D、0.2D、0.4D、0.6D、0.8D、1.0D六个点采水样(D为水深),此法通称“六点法”。由采水器采集到的含悬沙水样,通过63微米滤纸,分离出粗的悬浮颗粒。通过过滤的水样留下来的悬浮物质用蒸馏水漂洗,并在40℃恒温箱内烘干,过滤器烘到60℃,再称重量。悬沙浓度是从最后沉淀物重量(包括粗颗粒)与被滤去总的水体积而换算出来的。 |
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图2 潮位和垂线平均悬沙浓度过程图 | 图3实验布设示意图 |
Hydrographs of tidal level and depth averaged suspension concentration hourly sampled at station 9405 | Sketch of experiment |
3 结果
在上述观察区域内,盛行半日大潮。垂线平均悬沙浓度随潮水位的变化而变化(图
为进一步了解悬沙浓度垂线分布特征,将图4(a~
型的悬沙浓度的垂线分布曲线。第Ⅰ类是在涨潮时呈L形(图5(a)),近底悬沙浓度大于2.5g/l,大部分水体中悬沙浓度小于1.0g/l。平均悬沙浓度随水深从0.43g/l变化到0.84g/l。第Ⅱ类是在涨急时呈射流形(图5(b)),近底悬沙浓度大于2.0g/l,悬沙浓度的垂向梯度大。第Ⅲ类是在落潮时从水面到水底悬沙浓度按指数增加(图5(c))。近底悬沙浓度大于6.0g/l。平均悬沙浓度随水深从0.86g/l变化到0.96g/l。第Ⅳ类是在落急时,悬沙浓度在水体中部呈射流形(图5(d))。近底悬沙浓度大于5.0g/l,悬沙浓度的垂向变化梯度大,平均悬沙浓度从0.77g/l变化到1.24g/l。事实上,图5(a~d)分别代表在涨潮、涨急、落潮和落急时细颗粒泥沙再悬浮(resuspension)过程的图像。 |
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图5 悬沙浓度垂线分布 | ||||
Vertical profiles of burst averaged suspension concentration over 12 min. period at (a) flood tide (1000h); (b)max.flood tide (1200h); (c)ebb tide (1500h); (d)max.ebb tide (1800h). 28 May 1994. | ||||
图6表示在涨潮(1000h)时最大流速为1.17m/s,流速和盐度垂向变化梯度均较大。在涨急时流速和盐度垂向变化梯度小。落潮(1500h)时最大流速为1.03m/s,盐度垂线分布表明底部有一盐水楔,水底盐度为26.0‰。在落急(1800h)时,流速和盐度的垂向变化梯度渐缓。 4 讨论 4.1 悬沙浓度垂向分层结构 图4和图5中最明显的特征是悬沙浓度垂向呈分层结构,形成这种特征主要是由于紊流能量引起强烈而均匀混合,从而产生陡的密度梯度[23]。 |
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一个稳定的悬沙浓度分层结构意味着当河口保持盐度和温度充分混合时悬沙有强的分层现象
4.2
在河口最大浑浊带,如不考虑平流影响,悬沙扩散方程可简单表示为
| (1) |
式中 C是平均悬沙浓度;t是时间;ω
和向上紊动扩散
二者之间的平衡。在涨急和落急时,悬沙强烈地输移,泥沙沉降少。
在1500h,水体上部、中部悬沙浓度均低,近底部悬沙浓度高
C=Cαexp(βz) | (2) |
式中β是与半对数图的梯度成正比。公式(1)中对距离
ωSC+εS(dC/dz)=0 | (3) |
式中ωS为垂向泥沙扩散系数,它是随水深恒定的,并具有值
εS=ωS/β | (4) |
根据公式(2)计算出的β值平均为
4.3
图5(a~d)分别代表在涨潮、涨急、落潮和落急时细颗粒泥沙再悬浮
5 结论
在长江口北槽,我们利用“声学悬沙观测系统”,对河口细颗粒悬沙浓度垂向分布进行高时空分辨率观测。悬沙浓度的垂向分布有明显的变化,高含沙层存在于近底或中部。高含沙层是起因于与波、流相关的淤泥底床泥沙的再悬浮和水体中泥沙的沉降。悬沙浓度的垂向分布反映了向下沉降
致谢:陈吉余、张叔英教授对本项工作给予了支持,任来法高工在数据处理过程中做了大量工作,李九发帮助修改初稿的中文,宋德芳、周洪强帮助清绘图,在此一并致谢。 |
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